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Modal verbs

In Icelandic, a modal verb🇮🇸 hjálparsögn is one that indicates some kind of possibility, permission or obligation. They are normally found just before another verb:

Við þurfum að kaupa meira kaffi.
Þú verður að segja eitthvað!
ég koma inn?

Some modal verbs have more than one function. For example, verða also means “will be, become”. But when it’s followed by another verb, it means “have to”.

Another thing about lots of modal verbs is that they are either strong or irregular. Let’s run through the most common ones.

mega

The verb mega + infinitive is used to ask for or give 👍 permission:

ég fá vatnsglas?
segja þetta?!
Megum við koma inn?
Ferðamenn máttu ekki koma til landsins.

The conjugation of mega is quite unusual:

 PresentPast
égmátti
þúmáttmáttir
hann/hún/hán/þaðmátti
viðmegummáttum
þiðmegiðmáttuð
þeir/þær/þaumegamáttu

The present tense looks more like the past tense of a strong verb. It belongs to a group called preterite–present verbs.

eiga

The verb eiga + + infinitive is used to make a 🤲 suggestion or indicate a 👉 mild obligation:

Á ég að kaupa þennan kjól?
Eigum við ekki að fara í sund á eftir?
Gestir eiga að mæta kl. 19.
Hvernig á að steikja steik?
Ég átti að ryksuga í morgun en gerði það ekki.
Þú áttir að taka til í herberginu þínu!

It often has the meaning “should”, but can also mean “be meant to, supposed to”.

The conjugation of eiga is more or less identical to mega:

 PresentPast
égáátti
þúáttáttir
hann/hún/hán/þaðáátti
viðeigumáttum
þiðeigiðáttuð
þeir/þær/þaueigaáttu

vilja

The verb vilja + infinitive is used to indicate a 🙏 want or 👉 give an instruction in a friendly way:

Hundurinn vill fara út.
Nemendurnir vilja læra að tala góða íslensku.
Viljiðið koma með okkur í bíó?
Viltu ekki opna gluggann?

In last example, we can see how vilja is used to give an instruction. Here the person asking the question isn’t wondering whether you actually want to open the window, but they’re trying to ask you to do it without being rude! 😇

Watch out for !

The verb vilja does not take after it, you just use the bare infinitive form of the verb, e.g. ég vil fara. Many English speakers say *ég vil fara at first, because we say I want to go in English. But Icelandic doesn’t require the here.

It’s also possible to use vilja + noun (acc.):

Viltu meira kaffi?
Nei, en ég vil meiri köku.
Ég vildi ekki vínglas.

The conjugation of vilja is one of the most irregular in Icelandic, because in the present tense singular, all 3 forms are distinct:

 PresentPast
égvilvildi
þúviltvildir
hann/hún/hán/þaðvillvildi
viðviljumvildum
þiðviljiðvilduð
þeir/þær/þauviljavildu
Vil or vill?

It’s unusual for any Icelandic verb to have 3 different forms in the present tense, normally at least 2 of the forms are the same (e.g. ég tala, þú talar, hún talar).

And vilja is the only one that follows this exact pattern. This is tricky even for some native Icelandic speakers, so you might well hear someone say ég vill instead of ég vil.

þurfa

The verb þurfa + + infinitive is used to indicate an 😫 inner need:

Þarftu ekki að fara núna?
Þið þurfið að gera ykkar besta.
Anna þurfti að fara upp úr lauginni því henni var of heitt.

What we mean by “inner need” is this: þurfa isn’t really used when someone is ordering or commanding you to do something. Instead, you’d probably use verða or skulu for that.

The kind of need that þurfa expresses is normally one that comes from within yourself or the circumstances you’re in.

Like with vilja, you can also do þurfa + noun (acc.):

Við þurfum nýjar kennslubækur.
Ég þarf peninga til að kaupa mér bíl.

Þurfa has a weird quirk in that it sometimes takes the genitive, pretty much only when used with það:

Ég þarf þess ekki.

The conjugation of þurfa is as follows:

 PresentPast
égþarfþurfti
þúþarftþurfti
hann/hún/hán/þaðþarfþurftir
viðþurfumþurftum
þiðþurfiðþurftuð
þeir/þær/þauþurfaþurftu

Again, the present tense looks more like the past tense of a strong verb, so þurfa is also a preterite–present verb like mega or eiga.

verða

The verb verða + + infinitive is used to indicate a ⛔️ strong obligation or ‼️ necessity:

Þú verður að segja mér alla söguna!
Við verðum að fara af stað sem fyrst.
Ríkisstjórnin varð að loka landamærunum.
Kennararnir urðu að fresta prófinu.

You can often think of verða as meaning “have to, must”.

“Become” or “have to”?

Verða leads a double life as a pretty standard verb that means “become, will be” or a modal verb that means “have to”. Whenever verða is followed by + infinitive, it means “have to”.

It’s never used to form the future tense when used with a verb. For example, ég verð að fara í vinnu á morgun means “I have to go to work tomorrow” and not “I will go to work tomorrow”. See Future

Verða is a group 3 strong verb and conjugates like so:

 PresentPast
égverðvarð
þúverðurvarðst
hann/hún/hán/þaðverðurvarð
viðverðumurðum
þiðverðiðurðuð
þeir/þær/þauverðaurðu

Watch out for the disappearing v in the past tense plural! 🪄🎩

skulu

The verb skulu + infinitive is used to issue a ‼️ command, express an ✅ intention or show 💪 determination:

Þú skalt ekki breyta neinu!
Við skulum ganga hraðar.
Skulum við fá okkur annan bjór?
Ég skal klára verkefnið!

As you might have noticed, skulu is a bit weird in that its infintive ends in -u. It’s special in another way too, in that it has no past tense (except in the subjunctive):

 PresentPastPast subjunctive
égskalskyldi
þúskaltskyldir
hann/hún/hán/þaðskalskyldi
viðskulumskyldum
þiðskuluðskylduð
þeir/þær/þauskuluskyldu

kunna

The verb kunna + + infinitive is used to express that someone 🧠 knows how to do something:

Hún kann að syngja!
Kanntu að spila á píanó?
Ég kann að elda ítalskar kjötbollur.

Catfish alert 🐟

Kunna isn’t quite what it seems at first. Most of the time, it has a narrow and specific meaning: “know how to do something”. If you’re a beginner, this is the only meaning you really need to know about.

Although it often looks like the English “can”, kunna doesn’t mean “can” in a general sense. Use geta if you’re talking about ability or possibility, or mega if you’re talking about permission.

You can also use kunna + noun (acc.) when you’re talking about a 🗣 language or something you learn by heart:

Lilja kann enga ensku.
Kanntu íslensku?
Ég kann ekki þetta lag.

So the second example above means “do you know how to speak Icelandic?”. Nice and compact!

Another cool thing you can do is kunna + á + noun (acc.) to talk about knowing 🧠 how to use something:

Ég kann ekki á þessa kaffivél.
Er einhver hérna sem kann á tölvur?

The first example means “I don’t know how to use this coffee machine”. Again, nice and compact!

The conjugation for kunna is as follows:

 PresentPast
égkannkunni
þúkanntkunnir
hann/hún/hán/þaðkannkunni
viðkunnumkunnum
þiðkunniðkunnuð
þeir/þær/þaukunnakunnu

geta

So we’ve saved the best till last. The verb geta + past participle is used to express 👩‍🎨 ability or 🔮 possibility:

Ég get ekki opnað þessa dós.
Við getum komið fyrir hádegi.
Það getur verið vandamál ef það gerist.
Þú gast ekki gert neitt?
Við gátum flogið þangað en ekki keyrt.

It can also be used to make 🙏 requests:

Geturðu sent mér myndirnar?
Getiðið komið með meira brauð?

The odd thing about geta is that it requires the past participle, rather than an infinitive like most other modal verbs. This is something that’s worth getting to grips with though, as geta is used all the time.

Geta is a group 5 strong verb and conjugates like this:

 PresentPast
éggetgat
þúgeturgast
hann/hún/hán/þaðgeturgat
viðgetumgátum
þiðgetiðgátuð
þeir/þær/þaugetagátu